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A syntax table specifies the syntactic textual function of each character. This information is used by the parsing functions, the complex movement commands, and others to determine where words, symbols, and other syntactic constructs begin and end. The current syntax table controls the meaning of the word motion functions (see section 30.2.2 Motion by Words) and the list motion functions (see section 30.2.6 Moving over Balanced Expressions), as well as the functions in this chapter.
35.1 Syntax Table Concepts Basic concepts of syntax tables. 35.2 Syntax Descriptors How characters are classified. 35.3 Syntax Table Functions How to create, examine and alter syntax tables. 35.4 Syntax Properties Overriding syntax with text properties. 35.5 Motion and Syntax Moving over characters with certain syntaxes. 35.6 Parsing Balanced Expressions Parsing balanced expressions using the syntax table. 35.7 Some Standard Syntax Tables Syntax tables used by various major modes. 35.8 Syntax Table Internals How syntax table information is stored. 35.9 Categories Another way of classifying character syntax.
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A syntax table provides Emacs with the information that determines the syntactic use of each character in a buffer. This information is used by the parsing commands, the complex movement commands, and others to determine where words, symbols, and other syntactic constructs begin and end. The current syntax table controls the meaning of the word motion functions (see section 30.2.2 Motion by Words) and the list motion functions (see section 30.2.6 Moving over Balanced Expressions) as well as the functions in this chapter.
A syntax table is a char-table (see section 6.6 Char-Tables). The element at index c describes the character with code c. The element's value should be a list that encodes the syntax of the character in question.
Syntax tables are used only for moving across text, not for the Emacs Lisp reader. Emacs Lisp uses built-in syntactic rules when reading Lisp expressions, and these rules cannot be changed. (Some Lisp systems provide ways to redefine the read syntax, but we decided to leave this feature out of Emacs Lisp for simplicity.)
Each buffer has its own major mode, and each major mode has its own idea of the syntactic class of various characters. For example, in Lisp mode, the character `;' begins a comment, but in C mode, it terminates a statement. To support these variations, Emacs makes the choice of syntax table local to each buffer. Typically, each major mode has its own syntax table and installs that table in each buffer that uses that mode. Changing this table alters the syntax in all those buffers as well as in any buffers subsequently put in that mode. Occasionally several similar modes share one syntax table. See section 23.1.2 Major Mode Examples, for an example of how to set up a syntax table.
A syntax table can inherit the data for some characters from the standard syntax table, while specifying other characters itself. The "inherit" syntax class means "inherit this character's syntax from the standard syntax table." Just changing the standard syntax for a character affects all syntax tables that inherit from it.
t if object is a syntax table.
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This section describes the syntax classes and flags that denote the
syntax of a character, and how they are represented as a syntax
descriptor, which is a Lisp string that you pass to
modify-syntax-entry to specify the syntax you want.
The syntax table specifies a syntax class for each character. There is no necessary relationship between the class of a character in one syntax table and its class in any other table.
Each class is designated by a mnemonic character, which serves as the name of the class when you need to specify a class. Usually the designator character is one that is often assigned that class; however, its meaning as a designator is unvarying and independent of what syntax that character currently has. Thus, `\' as a designator character always gives "escape character" syntax, regardless of what syntax `\' currently has.
A syntax descriptor is a Lisp string that specifies a syntax class, a matching character (used only for the parenthesis classes) and flags. The first character is the designator for a syntax class. The second character is the character to match; if it is unused, put a space there. Then come the characters for any desired flags. If no matching character or flags are needed, one character is sufficient.
For example, the syntax descriptor for the character `*' in C mode is `. 23' (i.e., punctuation, matching character slot unused, second character of a comment-starter, first character of a comment-ender), and the entry for `/' is `. 14' (i.e., punctuation, matching character slot unused, first character of a comment-starter, second character of a comment-ender).
35.2.1 Table of Syntax Classes Table of syntax classes. 35.2.2 Syntax Flags Additional flags each character can have.
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Here is a table of syntax classes, the characters that stand for them, their meanings, and examples of their use.
The class of open parentheses is designated by `(', and that of close parentheses by `)'.
In English text, and in C code, the parenthesis pairs are `()', `[]', and `{}'. In Emacs Lisp, the delimiters for lists and vectors (`()' and `[]') are classified as parenthesis characters.
The parsing facilities of Emacs consider a string as a single token. The usual syntactic meanings of the characters in the string are suppressed.
The Lisp modes have two string quote characters: double-quote (`"') and vertical bar (`|'). `|' is not used in Emacs Lisp, but it is used in Common Lisp. C also has two string quote characters: double-quote for strings, and single-quote (`'') for character constants.
English text has no string quote characters because English is not a programming language. Although quotation marks are used in English, we do not want them to turn off the usual syntactic properties of other characters in the quotation.
Characters in this class count as part of words if
words-include-escapes is non-nil. See section 30.2.2 Motion by Words.
Characters in this class count as part of words if
words-include-escapes is non-nil. See section 30.2.2 Motion by Words.
This class is used for backslash in TeX mode.
English text has no comment characters. In Lisp, the semicolon (`;') starts a comment and a newline or formfeed ends one.
This syntax class is primarily meant for use with the
syntax-table text property (see section 35.4 Syntax Properties). You can
mark any range of characters as forming a comment, by giving the first
and last characters of the range syntax-table properties
identifying them as generic comment delimiters.
This syntax class is primarily meant for use with the
syntax-table text property (see section 35.4 Syntax Properties). You can
mark any range of characters as forming a string constant, by giving the
first and last characters of the range syntax-table properties
identifying them as generic string delimiters.
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In addition to the classes, entries for characters in a syntax table can specify flags. There are seven possible flags, represented by the characters `1', `2', `3', `4', `b', `n', and `p'.
All the flags except `n' and `p' are used to describe multi-character comment delimiters. The digit flags indicate that a character can also be part of a comment sequence, in addition to the syntactic properties associated with its character class. The flags are independent of the class and each other for the sake of characters such as `*' in C mode, which is a punctuation character, and the second character of a start-of-comment sequence (`/*'), and the first character of an end-of-comment sequence (`*/').
Here is a table of the possible flags for a character c, and what they mean:
Emacs supports two comment styles simultaneously in any one syntax table. This is for the sake of C++. Each style of comment syntax has its own comment-start sequence and its own comment-end sequence. Each comment must stick to one style or the other; thus, if it starts with the comment-start sequence of style "b", it must also end with the comment-end sequence of style "b".
The two comment-start sequences must begin with the same character; only the second character may differ. Mark the second character of the "b"-style comment-start sequence with the `b' flag.
A comment-end sequence (one or two characters) applies to the "b" style if its first character has the `b' flag set; otherwise, it applies to the "a" style.
The appropriate comment syntax settings for C++ are as follows:
This defines four comment-delimiting sequences:
The function backward-prefix-chars moves back over these
characters, as well as over characters whose primary syntax class is
prefix (`''). See section 35.5 Motion and Syntax.
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In this section we describe functions for creating, accessing and altering syntax tables.
Most major mode syntax tables are created in this way.
nil), it returns a copy of the
current syntax table. Otherwise, an error is signaled if table is
not a syntax table.
This function always returns nil. The old syntax information in
the table for this character is discarded.
An error is signaled if the first character of the syntax descriptor is not one of the twelve syntax class designator characters. An error is also signaled if char is not a character.
Examples:
;; Put the space character in class whitespace.
(modify-syntax-entry ?\ " ")
=> nil
;; Make `$' an open parenthesis character,
;; with `^' as its matching close.
(modify-syntax-entry ?$ "(^")
=> nil
;; Make `^' a close parenthesis character,
;; with `$' as its matching open.
(modify-syntax-entry ?^ ")$")
=> nil
;; Make `/' a punctuation character,
;; the first character of a start-comment sequence,
;; and the second character of an end-comment sequence.
;; This is used in C mode.
(modify-syntax-entry ?/ ". 14")
=> nil
|
An error is signaled if char is not a character.
The following examples apply to C mode. The first example shows that the syntax class of space is whitespace (represented by a space). The second example shows that the syntax of `/' is punctuation. This does not show the fact that it is also part of comment-start and -end sequences. The third example shows that open parenthesis is in the class of open parentheses. This does not show the fact that it has a matching character, `)'.
(string (char-syntax ?\ ))
=> " "
(string (char-syntax ?/))
=> "."
(string (char-syntax ?\())
=> "("
|
We use string to make it easier to see the character returned by
char-syntax.
Since each buffer has its own current syntax table, we should make that
more precise: with-syntax-table temporarily alters the current
syntax table of whichever buffer is current at the time the macro
execution starts. Other buffers are not affected.
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When the syntax table is not flexible enough to specify the syntax of a
language, you can use syntax-table text properties to override
the syntax table for specific character occurrences in the buffer.
See section 32.19 Text Properties.
The valid values of syntax-table text property are:
(syntax-code . matching-char)
nil
nil, the character's syntax is determined from
the current syntax table in the usual way.
nil, the syntax scanning functions pay attention
to syntax text properties. Otherwise they use only the current syntax
table.
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This section describes functions for moving across characters that have certain syntax classes.
If syntaxes starts with `^', then the function skips characters whose syntax is not in syntaxes.
The return value is the distance traveled, which is a nonnegative integer.
If syntaxes starts with `^', then the function skips characters whose syntax is not in syntaxes.
The return value indicates the distance traveled. It is an integer that is zero or less.
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Here are several functions for parsing and scanning balanced expressions, also known as sexps, in which parentheses match in pairs. The syntax table controls the interpretation of characters, so these functions can be used for Lisp expressions when in Lisp mode and for C expressions when in C mode. See section 30.2.6 Moving over Balanced Expressions, for convenient higher-level functions for moving over balanced expressions.
If state is nil, start is assumed to be at the top
level of parenthesis structure, such as the beginning of a function
definition. Alternatively, you might wish to resume parsing in the
middle of the structure. To do this, you must provide a state
argument that describes the initial status of parsing.
If the third argument target-depth is non-nil, parsing
stops if the depth in parentheses becomes equal to target-depth.
The depth starts at 0, or at whatever is given in state.
If the fourth argument stop-before is non-nil, parsing
stops when it comes to any character that starts a sexp. If
stop-comment is non-nil, parsing stops when it comes to the
start of a comment. If stop-comment is the symbol
syntax-table, parsing stops after the start of a comment or a
string, or the end of a comment or a string, whichever comes first.
The fifth argument state is a nine-element list of the same form
as the value of this function, described below. (It is OK to omit the
last element of the nine.) The return value of one call may be used to
initialize the state of the parse on another call to
parse-partial-sexp.
The result is a list of nine elements describing the final state of the parse:
nil if none.
nil if none.
nil if inside a string. More precisely, this is the
character that will terminate the string, or t if a generic
string delimiter character should terminate it.
t if inside a comment (of either style),
or the comment nesting level if inside a kind of comment
that can be nested.
t if point is just after a quote character.
nil for a comment of style "a",
t for a comment of style "b", and syntax-table for
a comment that should be ended by a generic comment delimiter character.
nil.
Elements 0, 3, 4, 5 and 7 are significant in the argument state.
This function is most often used to compute indentation for languages that have nested parentheses.
If depth is nonzero, parenthesis depth counting begins from that
value. The only candidates for stopping are places where the depth in
parentheses becomes zero; scan-lists counts count such
places and then stops. Thus, a positive value for depth means go
out depth levels of parenthesis.
Scanning ignores comments if parse-sexp-ignore-comments is
non-nil.
If the scan reaches the beginning or end of the buffer (or its
accessible portion), and the depth is not zero, an error is signaled.
If the depth is zero but the count is not used up, nil is
returned.
Scanning ignores comments if parse-sexp-ignore-comments is
non-nil.
If the scan reaches the beginning or end of (the accessible part of) the
buffer while in the middle of a parenthetical grouping, an error is
signaled. If it reaches the beginning or end between groupings but
before count is used up, nil is returned.
nil, scan-sexps treats all
non-ASCII characters as symbol constituents regardless
of what the syntax table says about them. (However, text properties
can still override the syntax.)
nil, then comments are treated as
whitespace by the functions in this section and by forward-sexp.
In older Emacs versions, this feature worked only when the comment
terminator is something like `*/', and appears only to end a
comment. In languages where newlines terminate comments, it was
necessary make this variable nil, since not every newline is the
end of a comment. This limitation no longer exists.
You can use forward-comment to move forward or backward over
one comment or several comments.
To move forward over all comments and whitespace following point, use
(forward-comment (buffer-size)). (buffer-size) is a good
argument to use, because the number of comments in the buffer cannot
exceed that many.
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Most of the major modes in Emacs have their own syntax tables. Here are several of them:
read
function.)
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Lisp programs don't usually work with the elements directly; the Lisp-level syntax table functions usually work with syntax descriptors (see section 35.2 Syntax Descriptors). Nonetheless, here we document the internal format. This format is used mostly when manipulating syntax properties.
Each element of a syntax table is a cons cell of the form
(syntax-code . matching-char). The CAR,
syntax-code, is an integer that encodes the syntax class, and any
flags. The CDR, matching-char, is non-nil if
a character to match was specified.
This table gives the value of syntax-code which corresponds to each syntactic type.
| Integer Class | Integer Class | Integer Class | |
| 0 whitespace | 5 close parenthesis | 10 character quote | |
| 1 punctuation | 6 expression prefix | 11 comment-start | |
| 2 word | 7 string quote | 12 comment-end | |
| 3 symbol | 8 paired delimiter | 13 inherit | |
| 4 open parenthesis | 9 escape | 14 comment-fence | |
| 15 string-fence |
For example, the usual syntax value for `(' is (4 . 41).
(41 is the character code for `)'.)
The flags are encoded in higher order bits, starting 16 bits from the least significant bit. This table gives the power of two which corresponds to each syntax flag.
| Prefix Flag | Prefix Flag | Prefix Flag | |
`1' (lsh 1 16)
|
`4' (lsh 1 19)
|
`b' (lsh 1 21)
| |
`2' (lsh 1 17)
|
`p' (lsh 1 20)
|
`n' (lsh 1 22)
| |
`3' (lsh 1 18)
|
(syntax-code .
matching-char) corresponding to the syntax descriptor desc.
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Categories provide an alternate way of classifying characters syntactically. You can define several categories as needed, then independently assign each character to one or more categories. Unlike syntax classes, categories are not mutually exclusive; it is normal for one character to belong to several categories.
Each buffer has a category table which records which categories are defined and also which characters belong to each category. Each category table defines its own categories, but normally these are initialized by copying from the standard categories table, so that the standard categories are available in all modes.
Each category has a name, which is an ASCII printing character in
the range ` ' to `~'. You specify the name of a category
when you define it with define-category.
The category table is actually a char-table (see section 6.6 Char-Tables).
The element of the category table at index c is a category
set---a bool-vector--that indicates which categories character c
belongs to. In this category set, if the element at index cat is
t, that means category cat is a member of the set, and that
character c belongs to category cat.
The new category is defined for category table table, which defaults to the current buffer's category table.
(category-docstring ?a)
=> "ASCII"
(category-docstring ?l)
=> "Latin"
|
nil.
t if object is a category table,
otherwise nil.
nil), it returns a copy of the
current category table. Otherwise, an error is signaled if table
is not a category table.
t for each of those categories, and nil for all
other categories.
(make-category-set "al")
=> #&128"\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\2\20\0\0"
|
char-category-set does not
allocate storage, because it returns the same bool-vector that exists in
the category table.
(char-category-set ?a)
=> #&128"\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\2\20\0\0"
|
(category-set-mnemonics (char-category-set ?a))
=> "al"
|
Normally, it modifies the category set by adding category to it.
But if reset is non-nil, then it deletes category
instead.
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