GNU gettext utilities

1. Introduction
2. PO Files and PO Mode Basics
3. Preparing Program Sources
4. Making the PO Template File
5. Creating a New PO File
6. Updating Existing PO Files
7. Manipulating PO Files
8. Producing Binary MO Files
9. The User's View
10. The Programmer's View
11. The Translator's View
12. The Maintainer's View
13. Other Programming Languages
14. Concluding Remarks

A. Language Codes		ISO 639 language codes
B. Country Codes		ISO 3166 country codes

Program Index		Index of Programs
Option Index		Index of Command-Line Options
Variable Index		Index of Environment Variables
PO Mode Index		Index of Emacs PO Mode Commands
Autoconf Macro Index		Index of Autoconf Macros
General Index

 -- The Detailed Node Listing ---

Introduction

1.1 The Purpose of GNU gettext
1.2 I18n, L10n, and Such
1.3 Aspects in Native Language Support
1.4 Files Conveying Translations
1.5 Overview of GNU gettext

PO Files and PO Mode Basics

2.1 Completing GNU gettext Installation
2.2 The Format of PO Files
2.3 Main PO mode Commands		Main Commands
2.4 Entry Positioning
2.5 Normalizing Strings in Entries

Preparing Program Sources

3.1 Triggering gettext Operations
3.2 Preparing Translatable Strings
3.3 How Marks Appear in Sources
3.4 Marking Translatable Strings
3.5 Special Comments preceding Keywords		Telling something about the following string
3.6 Special Cases of Translatable Strings

Making the PO Template File

4.1 Invoking the xgettext Program

Creating a New PO File

5.1 Invoking the msginit Program
5.2 Filling in the Header Entry

Updating Existing PO Files

6.1 Invoking the msgmerge Program
6.2 Translated Entries
6.3 Fuzzy Entries
6.4 Untranslated Entries
6.5 Obsolete Entries
6.6 Modifying Translations
6.7 Modifying Comments
6.8 Details of Sub Edition		Mode for Editing Translations
6.9 C Sources Context
6.10 Consulting Auxiliary PO Files
6.11 Using Translation Compendia

Using Translation Compendia

6.11.1 Creating Compendia		Merging translations for later use
6.11.2 Using Compendia		Using older translations if they fit

Manipulating PO Files

7.1 Invoking the msgcat Program
7.2 Invoking the msgconv Program
7.3 Invoking the msggrep Program
7.4 Invoking the msgfilter Program
7.5 Invoking the msguniq Program
7.6 Invoking the msgcomm Program
7.7 Invoking the msgcmp Program
7.8 Invoking the msgattrib Program
7.9 Invoking the msgen Program
7.10 Invoking the msgexec Program

Producing Binary MO Files

8.1 Invoking the msgfmt Program
8.2 Invoking the msgunfmt Program
8.3 The Format of GNU MO Files

The User's View

9.1 The Current `ABOUT-NLS' Matrix
9.2 Magic for Installers
9.3 Magic for End Users

The Programmer's View

10.1 About catgets
10.2 About gettext
10.3 Comparing the Two Interfaces		Comparing the two interfaces
10.4 Using libintl.a in own programs
10.5 Being a gettext grok
10.6 Temporary Notes for the Programmers Chapter

About catgets

10.1.1 The Interface		The interface
10.1.2 Problems with the catgets Interface?!		Problems with the catgets interface?!

About gettext

10.2.1 The Interface		The interface
10.2.2 Solving Ambiguities		Solving ambiguities
10.2.3 Locating Message Catalog Files		Locating message catalog files
10.2.4 How to specify the output character set gettext uses		How to request conversion to Unicode
10.2.5 Additional functions for plural forms		Additional functions for handling plurals
10.2.6 How to use gettext in GUI programs		Another technique for solving ambiguities
10.2.7 Optimization of the *gettext functions

Temporary Notes for the Programmers Chapter

10.6.1 Temporary - Two Possible Implementations
10.6.2 Temporary - About catgets
10.6.3 Temporary - Why a single implementation
10.6.4 Temporary - Notes

The Translator's View

11.1 Introduction 0
11.2 Introduction 1
11.3 Discussions
11.4 Organization
11.5 Information Flow

Organization

11.4.1 Central Coordination
11.4.2 National Teams
11.4.3 Mailing Lists

National Teams

11.4.2.1 Sub-Cultures
11.4.2.2 Organizational Ideas

The Maintainer's View

12.1 Flat or Non-Flat Directory Structures
12.2 Prerequisite Works
12.3 Invoking the gettextize Program
12.4 Files You Must Create or Alter
12.5 Autoconf macros for use in `configure.in'

Files You Must Create or Alter

12.4.1 `POTFILES.in' in `po/'
12.4.2 `LINGUAS' in `po/'
12.4.3 `Makefile' pieces in `po/'
12.4.4 `configure.in' at top level
12.4.5 `config.guess', `config.sub' at top level
12.4.6 `aclocal.m4' at top level
12.4.7 `acconfig.h' at top level
12.4.8 `Makefile.in' at top level
12.4.9 `Makefile.in' in `src/'
12.4.10 `gettext.h' in `lib/'

Autoconf macros for use in `configure.in'

12.5.1 AM_GNU_GETTEXT in `gettext.m4'
12.5.2 AM_ICONV in `iconv.m4'

Other Programming Languages

13.1 The Language Implementor's View
13.2 The Programmer's View
13.3 The Translator's View
13.4 The Maintainer's View
13.5 Individual Programming Languages
13.6 Internationalizable Data

Individual Programming Languages

13.5.1 C, C++, Objective C
13.5.2 sh - Shell Script
13.5.3 bash - Bourne-Again Shell Script
13.5.4 Python
13.5.5 GNU clisp - Common Lisp
13.5.6 GNU clisp C sources
13.5.7 Emacs Lisp
13.5.8 librep
13.5.9 GNU Smalltalk
13.5.10 Java
13.5.11 GNU awk
13.5.12 Pascal - Free Pascal Compiler
13.5.13 wxWindows library
13.5.14 YCP - YaST2 scripting language
13.5.15 Tcl - Tk's scripting language
13.5.16 Perl
13.5.17 PHP Hypertext Preprocessor
13.5.18 Pike

Internationalizable Data

13.6.1 POT - Portable Object Template
13.6.2 Resource String Table
13.6.3 Glade - GNOME user interface description

Concluding Remarks

14.1 History of GNU gettext
14.2 Related Readings